A cardiac arrhythmia is define as abnormal electrical rhythm of the heart or abnormal impulse generation or conduction of electrical impulses responsible for membrane depolarization. Pathogenesis · The cardiac cycle is normally initiated by an electrical discharge from SA node. · The atria and ventricles then activated sequentially as electrical depolarization passes through specialized conducting…
1) Acetylcholine is not a specific neurotransmitter at: a) Sympathetic ganglia b) Sympathetic ganglionic nerve endings c) Parasympathetic ganglia d) Parasympathetic postganglionic nerve endings. 2) Muscarinic receptor are located in: a) Autonomic ganglia b) Skeletal muscle neuromuscular junctions c) Autonomic effector cells d) Sensory carotid sinus baroreceptor zone 3) Location of M2 cholinoreceptor: a) Heart…
Drugs acting on autonomic nervous system Cholinergic drugs (Parasympathomimetic) Cholinergic agonist A. Cholinester · Acetylcholine · Carbachol · Bethanechol · Methacholine B. Alkaloids · Muscarine · Pilocarpine · Arecholine Anti-cholinesterase A. Reversible a) Carbamate · Physostigmine (Eserine) · Neostigmine · Pyridostigmine · Rivastigmine · Edrophonium · Donepezil · Galantamine b) Acridine · Tacrine B. …
Tonicity Tonicity is the measure of effective osmotic pressure gradient. In biology: how an extracellular solution can change the volume of a cell by affecting osmosis and it is directly correlates with the osmolarity of the solution. Osmosis If the solution of different concentration are separated by semi-permeable membrane, the solvent is move from the…
Lipids · Lipids are derived from Greek word i.e. Lipos means fats. · Lipids are the biological molecules that are soluble in organic solvents (i.e. alcohol, ether etc.) but insoluble in aqueous solution, or potentially related to fatty acids and utilized by the living cells. · Lipids are not polymers (because they are not build…
A disorder in which the heart loses its ability to pump blood efficiently throughout the body. Sign and symptoms · Dilate pupils · Skin becomes pale, gray colour · Can’t breathe unless sitting up · Cough · Decrease BP · Nausea and vomiting · Edema · Anxiety · Failing oxygen saturation · Fatigue · Decrease…
Adrenergic system · The adrenergic drugs are activate the adrenergic receptor or adrenoreceptor by stimulating nor epinephrine (Nor adrenaline) or Epinephrine (Adrenaline). · It is also known as sympathomimetic. · The drugs that are blocks the activation of adrenergic receptor are named as sympatholytic. · The sympathomimetic acts on adrenergic receptor either directly (Direct-acting-agonist) or…
ANTICHOLINERGIC DRUG · Anticholinergics are those antagonize the effect of neurotransmitter (Ach) on autonomic effectors and in the CNS. CLASSIFICATION 1. Natural alkaloid e.g. Atropine, Hyoscine (Scopolamine) 2. Semisynthetic derivatives e.g. Homatropine, Atropine Methonitrate, Hyoscine butyl bromide, Ipratropium bromide, Tiotropium bromide 3. Synthetic derivatives A. Mydriatics: e.g. Cyclopentolate, Tropicamide B. Quaternary Compound e.g. Propantheline, Oxyphenonium,…
Cholinergic drugs (Cholinomimetic, Para-sympathomimetic) · The drugs which produced action similar to that of the Acetyl choline (Ach), either by interacting with cholinergic receptor (Cholinergic antagonist) or by increasing availability of Ach at these site (Anti-cholinesterase) Cholinergic transmission 1) Synthesis · Ach is synthesized in the cytoplasm from Acetyl-CoA and choline by the catalytic action…
The peripheral nervous system that regulates involuntary physiological processes (HR, BP, Respiration, Digestion, and Sexual arousal etc.). Dash SmrutiranjanHi…!! This is Smrutiranjan Dash, Assistant Professor of Pharmacology from Odisha, India. With a passion for teaching and a dedication to advancing the field of pharmacology, I am committed to sharing knowledge, fostering innovation, and inspiring future…
