Cell Division Cell division is the process by which a cell reproduces itself. Most cells of the human body undergo cell division. There are two types of cell division: mitosis and meiosis. In this process, there is formation of two identical daughter cells. Interphase · During interphase, the cell replicates its DNA as well as […]
1. Structure and Functions of the Cell A cell is the basic living structural and functional unit of the body. Cytology: It is a branch of science concerned with the study of cells. Cell theory explains: a) All living organisms are composed of cells and cell products. b) The cell is the basic unit of
Coronary artery disease is the most common heart disease and the most common cause of death worldwide. According to WHO, 3-7 million people die from coronary artery disease every year. An estimated data that CAD is responsible for about 10% of disability-adjusted life years in low-income countries and 18% in high-income countries. The most common
A disorder in which the heart loses its ability to pump blood efficiently throughout the body. Sign and symptoms Dilated pupils Skin becomes pale, gray in colour Can’t breathe unless sitting up Cough Decreased BP Nausea and vomiting Edema Anxiety Failing oxygen saturation Fatigue Decreased urine output Diagnosis Physical examination Chest X-ray Blood test Echo
A cardiac arrhythmia is defined as an abnormal electrical rhythm of the heart or abnormal generation or conduction of electrical impulses responsible for membrane depolarization. Pathogenesis · An electrical discharge from the SA node normally initiates the cardiac cycle. · The atria and ventricles are then activated sequentially as electrical depolarization passes through specialized conducting
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The Nervous System · The nervous system is very important for maintaining homeostasis of the human body. · It controls and maintains the human body, and it gives quick responses. · The nervous system has three main functions. 1. Sensory 2. Integration 3. Motor Sensory: The chemical messenger relay into the brain. Integration: To analyse and process the
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THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM The cardiovascular system · The cardiovascular represents “Cardio” means Heart; to ensure constant circulation of blood and “Vascular” means Blood Vessel; through which the blood flows. · The heart is pumped by two circulation systems; 1. The pulmonary circulation 2. The systemic circulation Fig. 01: Blood circulation The heart and Homeostasis
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DRUGS ACTING ON THE KIDNEY PHYSIOLOGY OF URINE FORMATION Urine formation begins from glomerular filtration. Normally about 180 liters of fluid is filtrate every day. All blood constitutions are filtrated at the glomerulus. More than 99% of the glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed in the tubules. About 1.85 liters of urine is produced in 24 hours.
DRUG DEVELOPMENT During the development of new drugs molecules or compounds should have higher standard in the conduct, analysis and interpretation of preclinical and clinical studies for the smooth passes through the regulatory approval phase and eventually marketing. SOME PATHWAYS OF DRUG DISCOVERY Target selection Lead discovery Medicinal chemistry In-vivo studies Preclinical studies Clinical studies
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Adrenergic system · The adrenergic drugs are activate the adrenergic receptor or adrenoreceptor by stimulating nor epinephrine (Nor adrenaline) or Epinephrine (Adrenaline). · It is also known as sympathomimetic. · The drugs that are blocks the activation of adrenergic receptor are named as sympatholytic. · The sympathomimetic acts on adrenergic receptor either directly (Direct-acting-agonist) or
