Pharmacology

ANTICHOLINERGIC DRUG Anticholinergics are those that antagonize the effect of the neurotransmitter (Ach) on autonomic effectors and in the CNS. CLASSIFICATION Natural alkaloid e.g. Atropine, Hyoscine (Scopolamine) Semisynthetic derivatives e.g. Homatropine, Atropine Methonitrate, Hyoscine butyl bromide, Ipratropium bromide, Tiotropium bromide Synthetic derivatives A) Mydriatics: e.g. Cyclopentolate, Tropicamide B) Quaternary Compound e.g. Propantheline, Oxyphenonium, Clidinum, Pipenzolate, […]

Dr. Smrutiranjan DashWith a foundation in pharmacology, I am engaged in both teaching and research. My work has been published in reputed national and international journals, and I actively participate in scientific conferences to share findings and stay connected with emerging advancements. Thank you for visiting. Your interest is truly appreciated. alleviatenow.in

Anti-cholinesterase Anti-cholinesterase (Anti-ChEs) are agents that inhibit the cholinesterase that is responsible for the hydrolysis of ACh. Thus, Ach is not metabolized and gets accumulated at muscarinic and nicotinic sites. Some ChEs have an additional direct effect on cholinergic receptors. Cholinesterase: it is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ACh into choline and acetic acid.

Cholinergic drugs (Cholinomimetic, Parasympathomimetic) The drugs that produced action similar to that of acetylcholine (Ach), either by interacting with cholinergic receptors (cholinergic antagonists) or by increasing the availability of Ach at these sites (anti-cholinesterase). Cholinergic transmission Synthesis Ach is synthesized in the cytoplasm from Acetyl-CoA and choline by the catalytic action of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT).

Nervous System A network of nerve cells and fibers that transmits nerve impulses between parts of the body. Classification of the nervous system Motor: carries neuronal impulses away from the CNS to different parts. Sensory: Carry impulses from sensory stimuli towards the CNS and Brain. Sympathetic Parasympathetic ·         Fight or flight condition. ·         Increase BP,

Drug Distribution Drug distribution is the reversible transfer of a drug from the systemic circulation to various tissues, organs, and body fluids of the body following its absorption, influenced by physiological and physicochemical factors such as blood flow, plasma protein binding, tissue affinity, and membrane permeability. Factors Affecting Drug Distribution Blood flow: Well-perfused organs receive

Pharmacodynamics Pharmacodynamics is derived from the Greek word i.e., “Pharmacon” means Drugs and “Dynamics” means Action. It is the study of biochemical and physiological effects of drug and their mechanism of action at organ level and cellular level. “What the drugs does to the body when they administered”. Site of drugs action Extracellular Cellular Intracellular Principle/types

Pharmacodynamics Pharmacodynamics is derived from the Greek word i.e. “Pharmacon” means Drugs and “Dynamics” means Action. It is the study of biochemical and physiological effects of drug and their mechanism of action at organ level and cellular level. “What the drugs does to the body when they administered”. Site of drugs action Extracellular Cellular Intracellular

Absorption Drug absorption is the process by which a drug moves from its site of administration into the systemic circulation. It is a crucial step in pharmacokinetics, as only the absorbed fraction of a drug is capable of producing a pharmacological effect. The rate and extent of absorption influence the onset, intensity, and duration of

Mechanism of drug absorption Passive diffusion Active transport Facilitated diffusion pinocytosis pore transport ion pair formation Passive Diffusion Passive diffusion is the most common mechanism of drug absorption. In this process, drug molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration across the cell membrane without the use of energy