Pharmacology

Anti-cholinesterase Anti-cholinesterase (Anti-ChEs) are agents that inhibit the cholinesterase that is responsible for the hydrolysis of ACh. Thus, Ach is not metabolized and gets accumulated at muscarinic and nicotinic sites. Some ChEs have an additional direct effect on cholinergic receptors. Cholinesterase: it is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ACh into choline and acetic acid. […]

Cholinergic drugs (Cholinomimetic, Parasympathomimetic) The drugs that produced action similar to that of acetylcholine (Ach), either by interacting with cholinergic receptors (cholinergic antagonists) or by increasing the availability of Ach at these sites (anti-cholinesterase). Cholinergic transmission Synthesis Ach is synthesized in the cytoplasm from Acetyl-CoA and choline by the catalytic action of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT).

Nervous System A network of nerve cells and fibers that transmits nerve impulses between parts of the body. Classification of the nervous system Motor: carries neuronal impulses away from the CNS to different parts. Sensory: Carry impulses from sensory stimuli towards the CNS and Brain. Sympathetic Parasympathetic ·         Fight or flight condition. ·         Increase BP,

Drug Distribution Drug distribution is the reversible transfer of a drug from the systemic circulation to various tissues, organs, and body fluids of the body following its absorption, influenced by physiological and physicochemical factors such as blood flow, plasma protein binding, tissue affinity, and membrane permeability. Factors Affecting Drug Distribution Blood flow: Well-perfused organs receive

Pharmacodynamics Pharmacodynamics is derived from the Greek word i.e., “Pharmacon” means Drugs and “Dynamics” means Action. It is the study of biochemical and physiological effects of drug and their mechanism of action at organ level and cellular level. “What the drugs does to the body when they administered”. Site of drugs action Extracellular Cellular Intracellular Principle/types

Pharmacodynamics Pharmacodynamics is derived from the Greek word i.e. “Pharmacon” means Drugs and “Dynamics” means Action. It is the study of biochemical and physiological effects of drug and their mechanism of action at organ level and cellular level. “What the drugs does to the body when they administered”. Site of drugs action Extracellular Cellular Intracellular

Absorption Drug absorption is the process by which a drug moves from its site of administration into the systemic circulation. It is a crucial step in pharmacokinetics, as only the absorbed fraction of a drug is capable of producing a pharmacological effect. The rate and extent of absorption influence the onset, intensity, and duration of

Mechanism of drug absorption Passive diffusion Active transport Facilitated diffusion pinocytosis pore transport ion pair formation Passive Diffusion Passive diffusion is the most common mechanism of drug absorption. In this process, drug molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration across the cell membrane without the use of energy

ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION Routes of drug administration are defined as the various pathways or methods through which pharmaceutical agents are introduced into the body to elicit either localized or systemic therapeutic effects. 1. By Extent of Action A. Systemic RoutesReach the bloodstream and act throughout the body. 1.      Enteral routes ·         Oral ·         Sublingual

  Pharmacy ·         Pharmacy is a health profession and scientific discipline that deals with the discovery, preparation, dispensing, and appropriate use of medicines to ensure safe, effective, and rational therapy. ·         It acts as a vital link between medical science and patient care, focusing not only on the formulation and quality of drugs but also