Author name: Dr. Smrutiranjan Dash

DRUGS ACTING ON THE KIDNEY PHYSIOLOGY OF URINE FORMATION Urine formation begins from glomerular filtration. Normally about 180 liters of fluid is filtrate every day. All blood constitutions are filtrated at the glomerulus. More than 99% of the glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed in the tubules. About 1.85 liters of urine is produced in 24 hours. […]

DRUG DEVELOPMENT During the development of new drugs molecules or compounds should have higher standard in the conduct, analysis and interpretation of preclinical and clinical studies for the smooth passes through the regulatory approval phase and eventually marketing. SOME PATHWAYS OF DRUG DISCOVERY Target selection Lead discovery Medicinal chemistry In-vivo studies Preclinical studies Clinical studies

Adrenergic system ·         The adrenergic drugs are activate the adrenergic receptor or adrenoreceptor by stimulating nor epinephrine (Nor adrenaline) or Epinephrine (Adrenaline). ·         It is also known as sympathomimetic. ·         The drugs that are blocks the activation of adrenergic receptor are named as sympatholytic. ·         The sympathomimetic acts on adrenergic receptor either directly (Direct-acting-agonist) or

ANTICHOLINERGIC DRUG Anticholinergics are those that antagonize the effect of the neurotransmitter (Ach) on autonomic effectors and in the CNS. CLASSIFICATION Natural alkaloid e.g. Atropine, Hyoscine (Scopolamine) Semisynthetic derivatives e.g. Homatropine, Atropine Methonitrate, Hyoscine butyl bromide, Ipratropium bromide, Tiotropium bromide Synthetic derivatives A) Mydriatics: e.g. Cyclopentolate, Tropicamide B) Quaternary Compound e.g. Propantheline, Oxyphenonium, Clidinum, Pipenzolate,

Dr. Smrutiranjan DashWith a foundation in pharmacology, I am engaged in both teaching and research. My work has been published in reputed national and international journals, and I actively participate in scientific conferences to share findings and stay connected with emerging advancements. Thank you for visiting. Your interest is truly appreciated. alleviatenow.in

Anti-cholinesterase Anti-cholinesterase (Anti-ChEs) are agents that inhibit the cholinesterase that is responsible for the hydrolysis of ACh. Thus, Ach is not metabolized and gets accumulated at muscarinic and nicotinic sites. Some ChEs have an additional direct effect on cholinergic receptors. Cholinesterase: it is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ACh into choline and acetic acid.

Cholinergic drugs (Cholinomimetic, Parasympathomimetic) The drugs that produced action similar to that of acetylcholine (Ach), either by interacting with cholinergic receptors (cholinergic antagonists) or by increasing the availability of Ach at these sites (anti-cholinesterase). Cholinergic transmission Synthesis Ach is synthesized in the cytoplasm from Acetyl-CoA and choline by the catalytic action of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT).

Nervous System A network of nerve cells and fibers that transmits nerve impulses between parts of the body. Classification of the nervous system Motor: carries neuronal impulses away from the CNS to different parts. Sensory: Carry impulses from sensory stimuli towards the CNS and Brain. Sympathetic Parasympathetic ·         Fight or flight condition. ·         Increase BP,

Drug Distribution Drug distribution is the reversible transfer of a drug from the systemic circulation to various tissues, organs, and body fluids of the body following its absorption, influenced by physiological and physicochemical factors such as blood flow, plasma protein binding, tissue affinity, and membrane permeability. Factors Affecting Drug Distribution Blood flow: Well-perfused organs receive

Pharmacodynamics Pharmacodynamics is derived from the Greek word i.e., “Pharmacon” means Drugs and “Dynamics” means Action. It is the study of biochemical and physiological effects of drug and their mechanism of action at organ level and cellular level. “What the drugs does to the body when they administered”. Site of drugs action Extracellular Cellular Intracellular Principle/types