Author name: Dr. Smrutiranjan Dash

A cardiac arrhythmia is defined as an abnormal electrical rhythm of the heart or abnormal generation or conduction of electrical impulses responsible for membrane depolarization. Pathogenesis ·         An electrical discharge from the SA node normally initiates the cardiac cycle. ·         The atria and ventricles are then activated sequentially as electrical depolarization passes through specialized conducting […]

The Nervous System ·        The nervous system is very important for maintaining homeostasis of the human body. ·        It controls and maintains the human body, and it gives quick responses. ·        The nervous system has three main functions. 1.      Sensory 2.      Integration 3.      Motor Sensory: The chemical messenger relay into the brain. Integration: To analyse and process the

THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM   The cardiovascular system ·         The cardiovascular represents “Cardio” means Heart; to ensure constant circulation of blood and “Vascular” means Blood Vessel; through which the blood flows. ·         The heart is pumped by two circulation systems; 1.      The pulmonary circulation 2.      The systemic circulation Fig. 01: Blood circulation The heart and Homeostasis

DRUGS ACTING ON THE KIDNEY PHYSIOLOGY OF URINE FORMATION Urine formation begins from glomerular filtration. Normally about 180 liters of fluid is filtrate every day. All blood constitutions are filtrated at the glomerulus. More than 99% of the glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed in the tubules. About 1.85 liters of urine is produced in 24 hours.

DRUG DEVELOPMENT During the development of new drugs molecules or compounds should have higher standard in the conduct, analysis and interpretation of preclinical and clinical studies for the smooth passes through the regulatory approval phase and eventually marketing. SOME PATHWAYS OF DRUG DISCOVERY Target selection Lead discovery Medicinal chemistry In-vivo studies Preclinical studies Clinical studies

Adrenergic system ·         The adrenergic drugs are activate the adrenergic receptor or adrenoreceptor by stimulating nor epinephrine (Nor adrenaline) or Epinephrine (Adrenaline). ·         It is also known as sympathomimetic. ·         The drugs that are blocks the activation of adrenergic receptor are named as sympatholytic. ·         The sympathomimetic acts on adrenergic receptor either directly (Direct-acting-agonist) or

ANTICHOLINERGIC DRUG Anticholinergics are those that antagonize the effect of the neurotransmitter (Ach) on autonomic effectors and in the CNS. CLASSIFICATION Natural alkaloid e.g. Atropine, Hyoscine (Scopolamine) Semisynthetic derivatives e.g. Homatropine, Atropine Methonitrate, Hyoscine butyl bromide, Ipratropium bromide, Tiotropium bromide Synthetic derivatives A) Mydriatics: e.g. Cyclopentolate, Tropicamide B) Quaternary Compound e.g. Propantheline, Oxyphenonium, Clidinum, Pipenzolate,

Dr. Smrutiranjan DashWith a foundation in pharmacology, I am engaged in both teaching and research. My work has been published in reputed national and international journals, and I actively participate in scientific conferences to share findings and stay connected with emerging advancements. Thank you for visiting. Your interest is truly appreciated. alleviatenow.in

Anti-cholinesterase Anti-cholinesterase (Anti-ChEs) are agents that inhibit the cholinesterase that is responsible for the hydrolysis of ACh. Thus, Ach is not metabolized and gets accumulated at muscarinic and nicotinic sites. Some ChEs have an additional direct effect on cholinergic receptors. Cholinesterase: it is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ACh into choline and acetic acid.

Cholinergic drugs (Cholinomimetic, Parasympathomimetic) The drugs that produced action similar to that of acetylcholine (Ach), either by interacting with cholinergic receptors (cholinergic antagonists) or by increasing the availability of Ach at these sites (anti-cholinesterase). Cholinergic transmission Synthesis Ach is synthesized in the cytoplasm from Acetyl-CoA and choline by the catalytic action of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT).